Cathy Higgins

Digital Portfolios in Middle School:
A Phenomenographic Study of Student Engagement and Achievement

References

Ahn, J. (2004). Electronic portfolios: Blending technology, accountability & assessment. T H E Journal, 31(9), 12-18.

American Library Association. (1989, January 10). Presidential committee on information literacy: Final report. Retrieved July 28, 2006 from http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/presidential.htm

Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2004). The effect of electronic scaffolding for technology integration on perceived task effort and confidence of primary student teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37(1), 29-43. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from EBSCO database.

Baggott la Velle, L., McFarlane, A., & Brawn, R. (2003). Knowledge transformation through ICT in science education: A case study in teacher-driven curriculum development-Case-Study 1. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(2), 183-199. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from EBSCO database.

Barrett, H. (2000, April). Create your own electronic portfolio: Using off-the-shelf software to show case your own or student work. Learning and Leading with Technology, 27(7), 14-21. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/LL/LLIssues/
Volume_27_1999_2000_/April9/Create_Your_Own_Electronic_Portfolio_Using_Off-the-Shelf_Software_to_Showcase_
Your_Own_or_Student_Wo.htm

Barrett, H. (2005). White paper: Researching electronic portfolios and learner engagement. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from the TaskStream Web site: http://www.taskstream.com/reflect/whitepaper.pdf

Baum, J. J. (2005, November/December). CyberEthics: The new frontier. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 49(6), 54-78. Retrieved April 6, 2006, from EBSCO database.

BellSouth. (2003). The growing technology gap between schools and students. BellSouth Corporation, BellSouth Foundation. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from http://www.bellsouthfoundation.org/publications.aspx

Boekhorst, A.K., & Britz, J.J. (2004). Information literacy at school level: A comparative study between the Netherlands and South Africa. South African Journal of Library & Information Science, 70(2), 63-71. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Breivik, P. S. (2005). 21st century learning and information literacy. Change, 37(2), 20-27. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Center for Media Literacy (2005). Media literacy: A definition . and more. Retrieved April 23, 2007 from http://www.medialit.org/reading_room/rr2def.php

Christa McAuliffe Technology Conference (2007). Conference Web Site. Retrieved on May 1, 1007 from http://www.nhcmtc.org

Conrad, L., & Bowie, C. (2006). The impact of context on readings of teaching portfolios. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 31-42. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from EBSCO database.

Dysthe, O., & Engelsen, K. (2004). Portfolios and assessment in teacher education in Norway: A theory-based discussion of different models in two sites. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), 239-258. Retrieved April 6, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Educational Testing Service. (2002). Digital transformation: A framework for ICT literacy. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Eisner, E.W. (1997). The enlightened eye: Qualitative research inquiry and the enhancement of educational practices. New York: MacMillan Publishing.

Eshet-Alkali, Y., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2004). Experiments in digital literacy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 70(4), 421-429. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Freidman, T. (2006). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Gall, M., Gall, J., & & Borg, W. (2003). Educational research: An introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Gibbs, H. J. (2004, May). Student portfolios: Documenting success. Techniques: Connection Education & Careers, 79(5), 27-31. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from EBSCO database.

Gregorian, N. (2006). Eye on research: Media literacy and core curriculum. Threshold Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2007 from http://www.ciconline.org/thresholdwinter06

Hewett, S. (2004). Improving instructional practices. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 48(5), 26-30. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from EBSCO database.

Hobbs, R. (2007). Reading the media: Media literacy in high school English. New York: Teachers College Press.

International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (n.d.). IEA SITES-M2 case reports. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from http://sitesm2.org/sitesm2_search/

International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (2005). IEA SITES 2006 study outline. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://www.sites2006.net/exponent/index.php?section=12

International Society for Technology in Education. (2000). National educational technology standards for students. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from http://cnets.iste.org/students/s_stands.html

Johnson, C. (2006, February). Enabling all students to learn science. Science Teacher, 73(2), 32-37.

Kelly, M.G., Haber, J. (2006). National educational technology standards for students: Resources for student assessment. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.

Kuiper, E., Volman, M., & Terwel, J. (2005). The web as an information resource in k-12 education: strategies for supporting students in searching and processing information. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 285-328. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from ProQuest database.

Lemke, C. (2002). EnGauge 21st century skills: Digital literacies for a digital age. North Central Regional Educational Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2006, from http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/skills.htm

Leu, D. J., Jr. (2000). Literacy and technology: Deictic consequences for literacy education in an information age. In M. L. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.) Handbook of reading research, volume III (pp. 743-770). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

Levin, D. & Arafeh, S. (2002). The digital disconnect: The widening gap between Internet-savvy students and their schools. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved on May 1, 2007 from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/67/report_display.asp

Ma, H. (2005). Interpreting middle school students' online experiences: A phenomenological approach. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 1264.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (1999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Mullin, J. (1998). Portfolios: Purposeful collections of student work. New Directions for Teaching & Learning, 74, 79-88.

New England Common Assessment Program. (2006). Guide to using the 2005 NECAP reports. Retrieved 18 November 2006, from http://www.ed.state.nh.us/education/doe/organization/curriculum/NECAP/results/InterpGuide.pdf

New Hampshire Department of Education. (2006, April 6). Technical Advisory #2. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.ed.state.nh.us/education/standards/advisory2.pdf

New Hampshire Department of Education. (2007). New Hampshire Annual School Technology Survey 2006-07. Concord, NH.

New Hampshire State Board of Education. (2005, July 1). Ed 306.42 Information and communication technologies program. In Chapter Ed 300 Administration of minimum standards in public schools (Part Ed 306). Retrieved November 12, 2006, from the New Hampshire General Court Web site: http://gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/ed300.html

The New Media Consortium. (2005). A global imperative: The report of the 21st century literacy summit. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.nmc.org/pdf/Global_Imperative.pdf

Newmann, F., Bryk, A., & Nagaoka, J. (2001). Authentic intellectual work and standardized tests: Conflict or coexistence? Consortium on Chicago School Research. University of Chicago. Retrieved July 27, 2006, from http://ccsr.uchicago.edu/content/publications.php?pub_id=38

Niguidula, D. (2003). Ways technology can improve assessment and accountability. In D.T. Gordon (Ed.), Better Teaching and Learning in the Digital Classroom. (pp. 27-39). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.

Niguidula, D. (2005, November). Documenting learning with digital portfolios. Educational Leadership, 63(3), 44-47. Retrieved November 12, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Niguidula, D. (2006). Whose portfolio is it, anyway? In A. Jafari, C. Kaufman (Ed.) Handbook of Research on ePortfolios. (pp. 494-500). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Reference.

Olsen, S. (2006, August 10). Digital kids: Parents shaky about kids' safety online. CNET News. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://news.com.com/Parents+shaky+about+kids+safety+online/2009-1025_3-6104028.html

Oros, L., Morgenegg, J., & Finger, A. (1998, January/February). Creating digital portfolios. Media & Methods, 34(3), 15. Retrieved September 30, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (n.d.) Framework for 21^st century learning. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/frameworkflyer 040606.pdf

Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. New York: Riverhead Books.

Plucker, J. & Quaglia, R. (1998). The student aspirations survey: Assessing student effort and goals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(2), 252-258. Retrieved November 20, 2006, from Thomson Gale database.

Quaglia Institute for Student Aspirations. (2006). My Voice Student Aspirations Survey. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://www.qisa.org/mv_report.php

Quaglia Institute for Student Aspirations. (2007). My Voice Student Aspirations Survey: New Hampshire Grades 6-8 Report. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from http://www.qisa.org/follow/myvoice_ms_06_nh_21707.pdf

Quellmalz, E. & Kozma, R. (2003). Designing assessment of learning with technology. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 10(3), 389-408. Retrieved April 1, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Ravid, R. (2000). Practical Statistics for Educators (2nd ed.). New York: University Press of America.

Robins, J. (2006). Electronic portfolios as a bridge. Intervention in School and Clinic, 42(2), 107-113. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Rolheiser, C., Bower, B., & Stevahn, L. (2000). The portfolio organizer: Succeeding with portfolios in your classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Sharma, M., Stewart, C., & Prosser, M. (2004). On the use of phenomenography in the analysis of qualitative data. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 720(1), 41-44. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Solomon, G. (1993, November/December). Panning for gold. Electronic Learning, 13(3), 20-21. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from Thompson Gale database.

Tally, B., & Goldenberg, L. (2005). Fostering historical thinking with digitized primary sources. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(1), 1-21. Retrieved April 1, 2006, from EBSCO database.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2006). Using ICT to develop literacy. Retrieved November 13, 2006 from http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/088/Using_ICT_to_Develop_Literacy.pdf

U.S. Department of Education. (2006, March 29). Educational technology fact sheet. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/os/technology/facts.html

U.S. Department of Education. (2007). State strategies and practices for educational technology: Volume II - supporting mathematics instruction with educational technology. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Enhancing education through technology act of 2001. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg34.html#sec2401

Wang, S. (2004). Learning experiences in developing electronic portfolios in a master's educational technology program: A case study. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, College of Education, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 1654.

Webb, G. (1997). Deconstructing deep and surface: Towards a critique of phenomenography. Higher Education, 33, 195-212. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from EBSCO database.

Wiedmer, T. L. (1998, April). Digital portfolios. Phi Delta Kappan, 79(8), 586-589.

Wilkerson, J., & Lang, W. (2003, December 3). Portfolios, the Pied Piper of teacher certification assessments: Legal and psychometric issues. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(45). Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v11n45/

Woodward, H., & Nanlohy, P. (2004a, July). Digital portfolios in pre-service teacher education. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 11(2), 167-178.

Woodward, H., & Nanlohy, P. (2004b, April). Digital Portfolios: Fact or Fashion? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), 227-238.

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			Digital Portfolios in Middle School: A Phenomenographic Study of Student Engagement and Achievement References Ahn, J. (2004). Electronic portfolios: Blending technology, accountability & assessment. T H E Journal, 31(9), 12-18. American Library Association. (1989, January 10). Presidential committee on information literacy: Final report. Retrieved July 28, 2006 from http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/presidential.htm Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2004). The effect of electronic scaffolding for technology integration on perceived task effort and confidence of primary student teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 37(1), 29-43. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from EBSCO database. Baggott la Velle, L., McFarlane, A., & Brawn, R. (2003). Knowledge transformation through ICT in science education: A case study in teacher-driven curriculum development-Case-Study 1. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(2), 183-199. Retrieved July 30, 2006 from EBSCO database. Barrett, H. (2000, April). Create your own electronic portfolio: Using off-the-shelf software to show case your own or student work. Learning and Leading with Technology, 27(7), 14-21. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications/LL/LLIssues/ Volume_27_1999_2000_/April9/Create_Your_Own_Electronic_Portfolio_Using_Off-the-Shelf_Software_to_Showcase_ Your_Own_or_Student_Wo.htm Barrett, H. (2005). White paper: Researching electronic portfolios and learner engagement. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from the TaskStream Web site: http://www.taskstream.com/reflect/whitepaper.pdf Baum, J. J. (2005, November/December). CyberEthics: The new frontier. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 49(6), 54-78. Retrieved April 6, 2006, from EBSCO database. BellSouth. (2003). The growing technology gap between schools and students. BellSouth Corporation, BellSouth Foundation. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from http://www.bellsouthfoundation.org/publications.aspx Boekhorst, A.K., & Britz, J.J. (2004). Information literacy at school level: A comparative study between the Netherlands and South Africa. South African Journal of Library & Information Science, 70(2), 63-71. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from EBSCO database. Breivik, P. S. (2005). 21st century learning and information literacy. Change, 37(2), 20-27. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from EBSCO database. Center for Media Literacy (2005). Media literacy: A definition . and more. Retrieved April 23, 2007 from http://www.medialit.org/reading_room/rr2def.php Christa McAuliffe Technology Conference (2007). Conference Web Site. Retrieved on May 1, 1007 from http://www.nhcmtc.org Conrad, L., & Bowie, C. (2006). The impact of context on readings of teaching portfolios. International Journal for Academic Development, 11(1), 31-42. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from EBSCO database. Dysthe, O., & Engelsen, K. (2004). Portfolios and assessment in teacher education in Norway: A theory-based discussion of different models in two sites. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), 239-258. Retrieved April 6, 2006, from EBSCO database. Educational Testing Service. (2002). Digital transformation: A framework for ICT literacy. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Eisner, E.W. (1997). The enlightened eye: Qualitative research inquiry and the enhancement of educational practices. New York: MacMillan Publishing. Eshet-Alkali, Y., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2004). Experiments in digital literacy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 70(4), 421-429. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from EBSCO database. Freidman, T. (2006). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Gall, M., Gall, J., & & Borg, W. (2003). Educational research: An introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Gibbs, H. J. (2004, May). Student portfolios: Documenting success. Techniques: Connection Education & Careers, 79(5), 27-31. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from EBSCO database. Gregorian, N. (2006). Eye on research: Media literacy and core curriculum. Threshold Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2007 from http://www.ciconline.org/thresholdwinter06 Hewett, S. (2004). Improving instructional practices. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 48(5), 26-30. Retrieved September 30, 2006 from EBSCO database. Hobbs, R. (2007). Reading the media: Media literacy in high school English. New York: Teachers College Press. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (n.d.). IEA SITES-M2 case reports. Retrieved April 2, 2006, from http://sitesm2.org/sitesm2_search/ International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. (2005). IEA SITES 2006 study outline. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://www.sites2006.net/exponent/index.php?section=12 International Society for Technology in Education. (2000). National educational technology standards for students. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from http://cnets.iste.org/students/s_stands.html Johnson, C. (2006, February). Enabling all students to learn science. Science Teacher, 73(2), 32-37. Kelly, M.G., Haber, J. (2006). National educational technology standards for students: Resources for student assessment. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education. Kuiper, E., Volman, M., & Terwel, J. (2005). The web as an information resource in k-12 education: strategies for supporting students in searching and processing information. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 285-328. Retrieved April 22, 2006, from ProQuest database. Lemke, C. (2002). EnGauge 21st century skills: Digital literacies for a digital age. North Central Regional Educational Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2006, from http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills/skills.htm Leu, D. J., Jr. (2000). Literacy and technology: Deictic consequences for literacy education in an information age. In M. L. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.) Handbook of reading research, volume III (pp. 743-770). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum. Levin, D. & Arafeh, S. (2002). The digital disconnect: The widening gap between Internet-savvy students and their schools. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved on May 1, 2007 from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/67/report_display.asp Ma, H. (2005). Interpreting middle school students' online experiences: A phenomenological approach. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 1264. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (1999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Mullin, J. (1998). Portfolios: Purposeful collections of student work. New Directions for Teaching & Learning, 74, 79-88. New England Common Assessment Program. (2006). Guide to using the 2005 NECAP reports. Retrieved 18 November 2006, from http://www.ed.state.nh.us/education/doe/organization/curriculum/NECAP/results/InterpGuide.pdf New Hampshire Department of Education. (2006, April 6). Technical Advisory #2. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.ed.state.nh.us/education/standards/advisory2.pdf New Hampshire Department of Education. (2007). New Hampshire Annual School Technology Survey 2006-07. Concord, NH. New Hampshire State Board of Education. (2005, July 1). Ed 306.42 Information and communication technologies program. In Chapter Ed 300 Administration of minimum standards in public schools (Part Ed 306). Retrieved November 12, 2006, from the New Hampshire General Court Web site: http://gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/ed300.html The New Media Consortium. (2005). A global imperative: The report of the 21st century literacy summit. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.nmc.org/pdf/Global_Imperative.pdf Newmann, F., Bryk, A., & Nagaoka, J. (2001). Authentic intellectual work and standardized tests: Conflict or coexistence? Consortium on Chicago School Research. University of Chicago. Retrieved July 27, 2006, from http://ccsr.uchicago.edu/content/publications.php?pub_id=38 Niguidula, D. (2003). Ways technology can improve assessment and accountability. In D.T. Gordon (Ed.), Better Teaching and Learning in the Digital Classroom. (pp. 27-39). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. Niguidula, D. (2005, November). Documenting learning with digital portfolios. Educational Leadership, 63(3), 44-47. Retrieved November 12, 2006, from EBSCO database. Niguidula, D. (2006). Whose portfolio is it, anyway? In A. Jafari, C. Kaufman (Ed.) Handbook of Research on ePortfolios. (pp. 494-500). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Reference. Olsen, S. (2006, August 10). Digital kids: Parents shaky about kids' safety online. CNET News. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://news.com.com/Parents+shaky+about+kids+safety+online/2009-1025_3-6104028.html Oros, L., Morgenegg, J., & Finger, A. (1998, January/February). Creating digital portfolios. Media & Methods, 34(3), 15. Retrieved September 30, 2006, from EBSCO database. Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (n.d.) Framework for 21^st century learning. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/frameworkflyer 040606.pdf Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. New York: Riverhead Books. Plucker, J. & Quaglia, R. (1998). The student aspirations survey: Assessing student effort and goals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(2), 252-258. Retrieved November 20, 2006, from Thomson Gale database. Quaglia Institute for Student Aspirations. (2006). My Voice Student Aspirations Survey. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://www.qisa.org/mv_report.php Quaglia Institute for Student Aspirations. (2007). My Voice Student Aspirations Survey: New Hampshire Grades 6-8 Report. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from http://www.qisa.org/follow/myvoice_ms_06_nh_21707.pdf Quellmalz, E. & Kozma, R. (2003). Designing assessment of learning with technology. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 10(3), 389-408. Retrieved April 1, 2006, from EBSCO database. Ravid, R. (2000). Practical Statistics for Educators (2nd ed.). New York: University Press of America. Robins, J. (2006). Electronic portfolios as a bridge. Intervention in School and Clinic, 42(2), 107-113. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from EBSCO database. Rolheiser, C., Bower, B., & Stevahn, L. (2000). The portfolio organizer: Succeeding with portfolios in your classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Sharma, M., Stewart, C., & Prosser, M. (2004). On the use of phenomenography in the analysis of qualitative data. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 720(1), 41-44. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from EBSCO database. Solomon, G. (1993, November/December). Panning for gold. Electronic Learning, 13(3), 20-21. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from Thompson Gale database. Tally, B., & Goldenberg, L. (2005). Fostering historical thinking with digitized primary sources. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(1), 1-21. Retrieved April 1, 2006, from EBSCO database. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. (2006). Using ICT to develop literacy. Retrieved November 13, 2006 from http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/088/Using_ICT_to_Develop_Literacy.pdf U.S. Department of Education. (2006, March 29). Educational technology fact sheet. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/os/technology/facts.html U.S. Department of Education. (2007). State strategies and practices for educational technology: Volume II - supporting mathematics instruction with educational technology. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Enhancing education through technology act of 2001. Retrieved November 13, 2006, from http://www.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg34.html#sec2401 Wang, S. (2004). Learning experiences in developing electronic portfolios in a master's educational technology program: A case study. (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, College of Education, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 1654. Webb, G. (1997). Deconstructing deep and surface: Towards a critique of phenomenography. Higher Education, 33, 195-212. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from EBSCO database. Wiedmer, T. L. (1998, April). Digital portfolios. Phi Delta Kappan, 79(8), 586-589. Wilkerson, J., & Lang, W. (2003, December 3). Portfolios, the Pied Piper of teacher certification assessments: Legal and psychometric issues. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(45). Retrieved November 22, 2006, from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v11n45/ Woodward, H., & Nanlohy, P. (2004a, July). Digital portfolios in pre-service teacher education. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 11(2), 167-178. Woodward, H., & Nanlohy, P. (2004b, April). Digital Portfolios: Fact or Fashion? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), 227-238.